Standard Model

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Experiments with hydrogen atoms could soon reveal whether particles that were long thought to be forbidden by physics actually do exist

This week, ALMA researchers reported the discovery of oxygen in the most distant known galaxy. Geologists believe unusual structures in rock in the desert regions of Namibia, Oman and Saudia Arabia may be evidence of an unknown microorganism. And a group of physicists may have generated a tiny charge of electricity using the Earth's rotational energy. But the biggest story by far is the second release of data from the DESI survey of the universe, which could upend the standard model:

The magnetic moment of the muon is an important precision parameter for putting the Standard Model of particle physics to the test. After years of work, the research group led by Professor Hartmut Wittig of the PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) has calculated this quantity using the so-called lattice quantum chromodynamics method (lattice QCD method).

The James Webb Space Telescope's discovery of unusually bright and massive galaxies soon after the Big Bang has cast doubt on the standard model of galaxy evolution and bolstered a rival theory for how physics may work on large scales, according to a team of astronomers.

This week, biologists tracked down a mysterious group of orcas near Chile; Hubble spotted a black hole jet that causes stars along its trajectory to erupt; and researchers explained mysterious craters that began appearing in Siberian permafrost in the 2010s. But you're probably here for cheese, cosmology and octopuses, so here you go:

Given how unfathomably large the universe is, it is perhaps understandable that we haven't yet cracked all its secrets. But there are actually some pretty basic features, ones we used to think we could explain, that cosmologists are increasingly struggling to make sense of.

Solar flares are extremely intense events that occur in the sun's atmosphere, lasting anywhere from a few minutes to several hours. According to the standard flare model, the energy that triggers these explosions is transported by accelerated electrons that hurtle from the magnetic reconnection region in the corona to the chromosphere.

Here are the top changes to Apple's base model iPhone that users can look forward to.

Last week, at the annual Rencontres de Moriond conference, the CMS collaboration presented a measurement of the effective leptonic electroweak mixing angle. The result is the most precise measurement performed at a hadron collider to date and is in good agreement with the prediction from the Standard Model.

Particle physicists have detected a novel decay of the Higgs boson for the first time, revealing a slight discrepancy in the predictions of the Standard Model and perhaps pointing to new physics beyond it. The findings are published in the journal Physical Review Letters.

In the search for new particles and forces in nature, physicists are on the hunt for behaviors within atoms and molecules that are forbidden by the tried-and-true Standard Model of particle physics. Any deviations from this model could indicate what physicists affectionately refer to as "new physics."

Author(s): Robert M. Potvliege, Adair Nicolson, Matthew P. A. Jones, and Michael SpannowskyThe authors discuss the use of precise spectroscopic data on hydrogenic atoms in order to obtain new, more stringent bounds on new physics beyond the Standard Model. Assuming a certain “reasonable” flavor dependence the authors obtain constraints that are orders of magnitude more stringent than constraints from hydrogen alone. [Phys. Rev. A 108, 052825] Published Wed Nov 29, 2023

Scientists made a twin version of our universe, showing the evolution of all forms of matter and energy, in the biggest cosmological computer simulation to date.

This week on phys.org, we published news about muons, gigantic stellar waves, a Homo-erectus-thwarting mini ice age, and a new whale guy.

Despite its tremendous success in predicting the existence of new particles and forces, the standard model of particle physics, designed over 50 years ago to explain the smallest building blocks of nature, isn't the complete "theory of everything" physicists have been longing for.

Author(s): Katherine WrightThe Muon g-2 Collaboration has doubled the precision of their 2021 measurement of the muon’s magnetic moment, strengthening a tension with predictions based on the standard model. [Physics 16, 139] Published Thu Aug 10, 2023

Author(s): Katherine WrightNew data from observations of -meson decay again vindicate the standard model of particle physics. [Physics 16, s91] Published Wed Aug 02, 2023

Predicting the numerical value of the magnetic moment of the muon is one of the most challenging calculations in high-energy physics. Some physicists spend the bulk of their careers improving the calculation to greater precision.

Cosmologists have found new evidence for the standard model of cosmology – this time, using data on the structure

Cosmologists have found new evidence for the standard model of cosmology—this time, using data on the structure of galaxy clusters.

A new study probing the structure and evolution of galaxy clusters shows good agreement with the predictions of standard cosmological models.

Strong electric fields can be used to create pores in biomembranes. The method is known as electroporation. Inducing such defects in membranes in a targeted manner is an important technique in medicine and biotechnology, but also in the treatment of foodstuffs.

Reports that the James Webb Space Telescope killed the reigning cosmological model turn out to have been exaggerated. But astronomers still have much to learn from distant galaxies glimpsed by Webb. The post Standard Model of Cosmology Survives a Telescope’s Surprising Finds first appeared on Quanta Magazine

Discrepancy in measurement of a type of particle decay had raised hopes of new physics

By studying an exotic atom called muonium, researchers are hoping misbehaving muons will spill the beans on the Standard Model of particle physics. To make muonium, they use the most intense continuous beam of low energy muons in the world at Paul Scherrer Institute PSI. The research is published in Nature Communications.

Author(s): Yohei Ema, Ting Gao, and Maxim Pospelov C P -violating contributions from the standard-model quark-mixing phase to electric dipole moments are shown to be three orders of magnitude larger than previously thought, possibly putting them in reach of future experiments. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 231801] Published Mon Nov 28, 2022

Author(s): Yichul Choi, Ho Tat Lam, and Shu-Heng ShaoThe Standard Model contains novel hidden symmetries that cannot be described within the usual context of Lie algebras. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 161601] Published Wed Oct 12, 2022

The Standard Model is the modern physical understanding of three of the four forces of nature: electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force.

At the dawn of the 1970s, the idea of a massive scalar boson as the keystone of a unified theoretical model of the weak and electromagnetic interactions had yet to become anchored in a field that was still learning to live with what we now know as the standard model of particle physics. As the various breakthroughs of the decade gradually consolidated this theoretical framework, the Brout–Englert–Higgs (BEH) field and its boson emerged as the most promising theoretical model to explain the origin of mass.

As a physicist working at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at Cern, one of the most frequent questions I am asked is “When are you going to find something?”. Resisting the temptation to sarcastically reply “Aside from the Higgs boson, which won the Nobel Prize, and a whole slew of new composite particles?”, I realize […]

As a physicist working at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at Cern, one of the most frequent questions I am asked is "When are you going to find something?" Resisting the temptation to sarcastically reply "Aside from the Higgs boson, which won the Nobel Prize, and a whole slew of new composite particles?" I realize that the reason the question is posed so often is down to how we have portrayed progress in particle physics to the wider world.

This prototype NIST sensor may help solve some mysteries of the universe by looking beyond the Standard Model.

This prototype NIST sensor may help solve some mysteries of the universe by looking beyond the Standard Model.

A decade ago, physicists wondered whether the discovery of the Higgs boson at Europe’s Large Hadron Collider would point to a new frontier beyond the Standard Model of subatomic particles. So far, that’s not been the case — but a new measurement of a different kind of boson at a different particle collider might do the … Continue reading "Weird! Measurement of W Boson Doesn’t Match Standard Model of Physics" The post Weird! Measurement of W Boson Doesn’t Match Standard Model of Physics appeared first on Universe Today.

Scientists have achieved the most precise measurement to date of the mass of the W boson, one of nature's force-carrying particles. The measured value shows tension with the value expected based on the Standard Model of particle physics.

New measurement for W boson is at odds with previous values

After 10 years of careful analysis and scrutiny, scientists of the CDF collaboration at the U.S. Department of Energy's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory announced today that they have achieved the most precise measurement to date of the mass of the W boson, one of nature's force-carrying particles. Using data collected by the Collider Detector at Fermilab, or CDF, scientists have now determined the particle's mass with a precision of 0.01%—twice as precise as the previous best measurement. It corresponds to measuring the weight of an 800-pound gorilla to 1.5 ounces.

There are lots of fundamental theories in the world of science, but none of them is as successful

If you ask a physicist like me to explain how the world works, my lazy answer might be: "It follows the Standard Model."

The hunt is on for leptoquarks, particles beyond the limits of the standard model of particle physics —the best description we have so far of the physics that governs the forces of the Universe and its particles. These hypothetical particles could prove useful in explaining experimental and theoretical anomalies observed at particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and could help to unify theories of physics beyond the standard model, if researchers could just spot them.

One of the best chances for proving beyond-the-standard-model physics relies on something called the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. The standard model insists that the CKM matrix, which describes the mixing of quarks, should be unitary. But growing evidence suggests that during certain forms of radioactive decay, the unitarity of the CKM matrix might break.

One of the best chances for proving beyond-the-standard-model physics relies on something called the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. The standard model insists that the CKM matrix, which describes the mixing of quarks, should be unitary. But growing evidence suggests that during certain forms of radioactive decay, the unitarity of the CKM matrix might break.

Hot on the heels of proving an 87-year-old prediction that matter can be generated directly from light, Rice University physicists and their colleagues have detailed how that process may impact future studies of primordial plasma and physics beyond the Standard Model.

The Standard Model is a sweeping equation that has correctly predicted the results of virtually every experiment ever conducted, as Quanta explores in a new video. The post A Video Tour of the Standard Model first appeared on Quanta Magazine

In spite of decades of research, cancer remains an enigma. Conventional wisdom holds that cancer is driven by random mutations that create aberrant cells that run amok in the body. Researchers challenge this model by proposing that cancer is a type of genetic throwback, that progresses via a series of reversions to ancestral forms of life.

Researchers have used Europe's most powerful high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructure to run new and more precise lattice quantum chromodynamics (lattice QCD) calculations of muons in a magnetic field. The team found a different value for the Standard Model prediction of muon behavior than what was previously accepted.

The discrepancy between the theoretical prediction and the experimentally determined value of the muon's magnetic moment has become slightly stronger with a new result from Fermilab. But what does it... -- Read more on ScientificAmerican.com

Author(s): Priscilla CushmanMeasurements of the muon magnetic moment strengthen a previously reported tension with theoretical predictions, ushering in a new era of precision tests of the standard model. [Physics 14, 54] Published Wed Apr 07, 2021

A new estimation of the strength of the magnetic field around the muon—a sub-atomic particle similar to, but heavier than, an electron—closes the gap between theory and experimental measurements, bringing it in line with the standard model that has guided particle physics for decades.

According to the Standard Model of particle physics, beauty quarks (also known as bottom quarks) should decay into

Scientists have announced 'intriguing' results today that potentially cannot be explained by the current laws of nature.

One of the greatest puzzles in all of physics is that the laws of nature — as we know them, at least — do a remarkably good job of explaining what matter is and how all the different particles interact with one another. And yet, if these only obey the rules that we know, there’s no way to explain why the Universe is so predominantly made up of matter, rather than antimatter. The only interaction we know of that shows any difference at all between particles and their antiparticle counterparts are the weak interactions, and that difference isn’t nearly enough to explain the Universe we observe. But recently, a new set of experiments have started to show a significant difference between the weak decays of rare particles created at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and what our leading theories would have expected. Could this be an enormous clue towards going beyond the Standard Model? That’s what Rob Krol wants to know, writing in to ask: “I want know more about the last

ComputerWeekly’s best articles of the day

Mapping the magnetic field for Fermilab’s Muon g-2 experiment As scientists await the highly anticipated initial results of the

Scientists mapped the magnetic field inside a vacuum with unprecedented accuracy. Results will be used in an experiment to shed light on the Standard Model of particle physics.

As scientists await the highly anticipated initial results of the Muon g-2 experiment at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, collaborating scientists from DOE's Argonne National Laboratory continue to employ and maintain the unique system that maps the magnetic field in the experiment with unprecedented precision.

Author(s): R. Abbott, T. Blum, P. A. Boyle, M. Bruno, N. H. Christ, D. Hoying, C. Jung, C. Kelly, C. Lehner, R. D. Mawhinney, D. J. Murphy, C. T. Sachrajda, A. Soni, M. Tomii, and T. Wang (RBC and UKQCD Collaborations)A rigorous calculation of a matter-antimatter asymmetry in kaon decays has twice the precision of a previous calculation, removing tension that had existed between theory and experiment. [Phys. Rev. D 102, 054509] Published Thu Sep 17, 2020

kwebb@businessinsider.com (Kevin Webb) / Business Insider: TechSonys PlayStation 5 is coming on November 12 with a $400 digital edition and $500 standard model — - Sonys PlayStation 5 will launch on November 12 with the standard console priced at $500, and a digital edition priced at $400. When you buy through our links, we may earn money from our affiliate partners. Learn more. Read the original article on Business Insider ...

Author(s): Cyrille Solaro, Steffen Meyer, Karin Fisher, Julian C. Berengut, Elina Fuchs, and Michael DrewsenA signal predicted for a type of dark matter appears in the spectra of ytterbium isotopes. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 123003] Published Tue Sep 15, 2020

Wormholes are a popular feature in science fiction, the means through which spacecraft can achieve faster-than-light (FTL) travel and instantaneously move from one point in spacetime to another. And while the General Theory of Relativity forbids the existence of "traversable wormholes," recent research has shown that they are actually possible within the domain of quantum physics.

The best-known particle in the lepton family is the electron, a key building block of matter and central to our understanding of electricity. But the electron is not an only child. It has two heavier siblings, the muon and the tau lepton, and together they are known as the three lepton flavors. According to the Standard Model of particle physics, the only difference between the siblings should be their mass: the muon is about 200 times heavier than the electron, and the tau-lepton is about 17 times heavier than the muon. It is a remarkable feature of the Standard Model that each flavor is equally likely to interact with a W boson, which results from the so-called lepton flavor universality. Lepton flavor universality has been probed in different processes and energy regimes to high precision.

We still don’t know what the mass of a neutrino is, which means there is still lots of exciting work to do, says Chanda Prescod-Weinstein

Once again a new measurement of cosmic expansion is encouraging astronomers to reconsider the standard cosmological model. The

Author(s): Radja Boughezal, Frank Petriello, and Daniel WiegandEffective field theory is used to characterize deviations from the Standard Model, but requires many measurements to explore the large parameter space. In this paper, the authors demonstrate how the upcoming Electron-Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Lab can improve constraints on four-fermion operators in the Standard Model effective field theory approach. Thanks to its expected polarization capabilities the EIC can help disentangle combinations of operators which the LHC can’t resolve. [Phys. Rev. D 101, 116002] Published Tue Jun 02, 2020

Although neutrinos are mysterious particles, they are remarkably common. Billions of neutrinos pass through your body every second.

Researchers of Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) in collaboration with colleagues from the Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt

Researchers of Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) in collaboration with colleagues from the Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and a number of German scientific...

Researchers of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) in collaboration with colleagues from the Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and a number of German scientific organizations, calculated previously unexplored effects in atoms. The results were published in the Physical Review A, highlighted as an Editor's Choice article.

Tesla is raising the price of the most affordable version of the mass-market Model 3.

Tesla is raising the price of the most affordable version of the mass-market Model 3.

In a new study, researchers at Northwestern, Harvard and Yale universities examined the shape of an electron's charge with unprecedented precision to confirm that it is perfectly spherical. A slightly squashed charge could have indicated unknown, hard-to-detect heavy particles in the electron's presence, a discovery that could have upended the global physics community.

A team of researchers at Penn State University has found new evidence that suggests some particles detected in Antarctica do not fit the Standard Model. They have written a paper outlining their arguments and have posted it on the arXiv preprint server.

Author(s): Thomas D. Cohen, Henry Lamm, and Richard F. LebedPrompted by the unresolved anomalies in semileptonic B meson decays, the authors construct observables sensitive to lepton universality violation. Starting from the fully differential decay rate, one can integrate with carefully chosen weight functions to produce ratios that are independent of hadronic form factors. [Phys. Rev. D 98, 034022] Published Thu Aug 23, 2018

Its apparent infallibility saps the vitality of the field. -- Read more on ScientificAmerican.com

It has successfully predicted many particles, including the Higgs Boson, and has led to 55 Nobels so far, but there’s plenty it still can’t account for -- Read more on ScientificAmerican.com

The Standard Model. What a dull name for the most accurate scientific theory known to human beings. More than a quarter of the Nobel Prizes in physics of the last century are direct inputs to or direct results of the Standard Model. Yet its name suggests that if you can afford a few extra dollars […]

The Standard Model. What dull name for the most accurate scientific theory known to human beings.

Author(s): J. R. Espinosa, D. Racco, and A. RiottoA proposed instability in the Higgs field could have seeded the Universe with primordial black holes that now serve as dark matter. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 121301] Published Fri Mar 23, 2018

Author(s): Anders Andreassen, William Frost, and Matthew D. SchwartzThe authors compute the lifetime of the universe in the Standard Model at next to leading order, obtaining 10 139 years. This involves regularization of the dilatation zero mode. [Phys. Rev. D 97, 056006] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018

Author(s): So Chigusa, Takeo Moroi, and Yutaro ShojiA gauge-invariant calculation of the decay rate of the metastable vacuum removes some theoretical uncertainty in the Universe’s estimated lifetime. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 211801] Published Tue Nov 21, 2017

Modelled on big physics projects, the International Brain Lab will bring together some of the world’s pre-eminent neuroscientists to probe a single behaviour.

Modelled on big physics projects, International Brain Lab will bring together pre-eminent neuroscientists to probe a single behavior -- Read more on ScientificAmerican.com

Astrophysicists made crucial contributions to the galaxy survey, showing that the universe clumps and expands as predicted by our best cosmological models.

Astrophysicists have a fairly accurate understanding of how the universe ages: That's the conclusion of new results from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), a large international science collaboration, including researchers from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, that put models of cosmic structure formation and evolution to the most precise test yet.

Although the discovery of the Higgs boson by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations in 2012 completed the Standard Model, many mysteries remain unexplained. For instance, why is the mass of the Higgs boson so much lighter than expected, and why is gravity so weak?

A new type of particle has been discovered by scientists at CERN using data from last year’s run of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The particle opens the door to a “new frontier” of physics, providing researchers with a new way to investigate the fundamental forces of the universe that make up the Standard Model of particle physics. Xi-cc++ is a “doubly charmed baryon,” a family of heavy quark particles predicted by the Standard Model, but evidence of which has never before been found.